Attorney-General George Brandis ill-informed on people's 'right to be bigots'
Proposed changes to water down the Racial Discrimination Act have captured the attention of the nation.
Earlier this year federal Attorney-General George Brandis announced plans to repeal section 18C of the Act which makes it unlawful to "offend, insult or humiliate" another person because of their "race, colour or national or ethnic origin".
In a heated exchange in parliament, Senator Nova Peris - the first Indigenous female senator - asked Senator Brandis: "Won't removing 18C facilitate vilification by bigots?"
He responded: "People do have a right to be bigots, you know. In a free country, people do have rights to say things that other people find offensive or insulting or bigoted."...
Causing offence in federal and state laws
There is a range of laws in Australia that stop people saying or communicating things that other people find offensive. Four examples follow:
The Sex Discrimination ActThe Sex Discrimination Act defines sexual harassment as unwelcome sexual behaviour which makes a person feel offended, humiliated or intimidated...
...Katherine Gelber, an Associate Professor in public policy from the University of Queensland, tells Fact Check the Racial Hatred Act - which includes section 18C and was incorporated into the original Racial Discrimination Act - was based on sexual harassment law.
Offensive language in publicIn the NSW Summary Offences Act section 4A says "a person must not use offensive language in or near, or within hearing from, a public place or a school". The same Act includes a criminal provision for offensive conduct. Comparable laws are on the books in every Australian state and territory.
The offensive language charge was enforced 5,000 times last year in NSW, according to a recently published article co-authored by Professor Luke McNamara and Dr Julia Quilter from the University of Wollongong's school of law.
The paper says: "In a typical year, NSW police lay more than 5,000 charges for offensive language, and, in addition, issue a similar or larger number of 'on the spot' fines for these crimes."
The law does not define what constitutes "offensive language", and the test is "that of a reasonable man".
Postal service lawThe Criminal Code Act prohibits using a postal or similar service in a way that is menacing, harassing or offensive.
It was used in 2011 to convict a NSW man, Man Haron Monis, after he sent letters to parents and relatives of soldiers killed on active service in Afghanistan. The letters called one soldier a murderer of civilians, and compared him to a pig and dirty animal.
Section 471.12 of the Act states a person is guilty of an offence if:
"(a) the person uses a postal or similar service; and
(b) the person does so in a way (whether by the method of use or the content of a communication, or both) that reasonable persons would regard as being, in all the circumstances, menacing, harassing or offensive."
The case went to the High Court, where Monis's barrister argued the Constitution has an implied freedom of communication on government and political matters, and therefore federal parliament had exceeded its power when it passed this section of the criminal code.
The appeal failed. The six High Court judges unanimously agreed the section restricts political communication, but the bench was split on whether it was therefore in conflict with the Constitution.
The chief justice, Robert French, summed up the central question this way: "No Australian parliament can validly enact a law which effectively burdens freedom of communication about [government and political] matters unless the law is reasonably appropriate and adapted to serve a legitimate end in a manner compatible with the maintenance of the constitutionally prescribed system of government in Australia."
Only three of the six high court judges found section 471.12 was invalid and in the absence of a majority finding, the appeal was dismissed.
The judgment reflects that there was debate during the case about how intense the reaction must be to pass the threshold of being "offensive". Justice French said section 471.12 "does not import a requirement that any person was actually offended" because the section is "framed objectively by reference to how 'reasonable persons' would regard the conduct".
The three judges who found the section valid said in a joint judgment that section 471.12 "relates to a degree of offensiveness at the higher end of the spectrum, although not necessarily the most extreme" and involved communication "likely to cause a significant emotional reaction or psychological response". "The former may range from shock through to anger, hate, disgust, resentment or outrage, and the latter may include provocation, anxiety, fearfulness and insecurity,"...
Telecommunications lawThere is a similar prohibition on using telecommunications services in an offensive manner.
Section 474.17(1) of the Criminal Code Act says a person is guilty of an offence if:
"(a) the person uses a carriage service; and
(b) the person does so in a way (whether by the method of use or the content of a communication, or both) that reasonable persons would regard as being, in all the circumstances, menacing, harassing or offensive."...
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-30/george-brandis-ill-informed-on-right-to-be-bigots/5375302