Understanding Critical Theory
Critical theory is a social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole. It differs from traditional theory, which focuses only on understanding or explaining society. Critical theories aim to dig beneath the surface of social life and uncover the assumptions that keep human beings from a full and true understanding of how the world works.
Critical theory emerged from the Marxist tradition. A group of sociologists at the University of Frankfurt in Germany, who referred to themselves as The Frankfurt School, developed it.
We can trace critical theory as it is known today to Marx's critiques of the economy and society. It is inspired greatly by Marx's theoretical formulation of the relationship between economic base and ideological superstructure, and it focuses on how power and domination operate.
Hungarian György Lukács and Italian Antonio Gramsci developed theories exploring the cultural and ideological sides of power and domination, following in Marx's critical footsteps. Lukács and Gramsci focused their critiques on the social forces preventing people from understanding how power affects their lives.
Shortly after Lukács and Gramsci published their ideas, the Institute for Social Research was founded at the University of Frankfurt and the Frankfurt School of critical theorists took shape. The work of the Frankfurt School members, including Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm, Walter Benjamin, Jürgen Habermas, and Herbert Marcuse, is considered the heart of critical theory.
Like Lukács and Gramsci, these theorists focused on ideology and cultural forces as facilitators of domination and barriers to freedom. The contemporary politics and economic structures of the time greatly influenced their thought and writing, as they lived during the height of national socialism. This included the rise of the Nazi regime, state capitalism, and the spread of mass-produced culture.
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